Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) – also called bloat or stomach torsion – is a life-threatening condition of dogs. It occurs most commonly in large, deep-chested breeds such as Great Danes, Dobermans, Weimaraners, German Shepherds, St Bernards and Irish setters.
Gastric dilatation-volvulus is a sudden dilation of the stomach with a simultaneous twisting of the stomach at one or both ends (the volvulus). Food and gas can’t escape and the severe distension of the stomach puts pressure on surrounding organs and blood supply. Blood supply to the stomach and spleen is blocked, and other major blood vessels are compressed, including the portal vein supplying the liver and the caudal vena cava (a large vein in the abdominal cavity), blocking the return of blood to the heart. Pressure on the diaphragm prevents the lungs from expanding properly and the pet has difficulty breathing. Shock sets in rapidly – this condition is a true emergency and immediate veterinary attention is required.
What causes GDV?
While there is no definite clinical or experimental evidence to support these hypotheses, the condition is often initiated by a single large meal in a deep-chested dog, usually middle aged or older. If the dog is a greedy eater, drinks a lot of water or exercises after eating, there can be a greater tendency for the stomach to dilate. Dogs that have survived GDV are more vulnerable to repeat episodes. Some foods have been implicated, but again, there is no evidence to suggest specific diets cause GDV.
Symptoms
Dogs suffering from GDV are almost always presented in shock and extremely ill. Early signs owners may see at home include standing and stretching, drooling, the pet may look anxiously at its stomach, or begin to dry retch, and the abdomen may be noticeably bloated.
As the condition progresses, the dog will start to pant and have trouble breathing, become weak and eventually collapse and be unable to stand. The condition is fatal without immediate veterinary intervention.